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Superficial siderosis
Superficial hemosiderosis of the central nervous system is a disease of the brain resulting from chronic iron deposition in neuronal tissues associated with cerebrospinal fluid. This occurs via the deposition of hemosiderin in neuronal tissue, and is associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and demyelination of neuronal cells. This disease was first discovered in 1908 by R.C. Hamill after performing an autopsy.〔Hamill, R.C. (1908) Report of a case of melanosis of the brain, cord, and meninges. ''J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.'', 35, 594.〕 Detection of this disease was largely post-mortem until the advent of MRI technology, which made diagnosis far easier. Superficial siderosis is largely considered a rare disease, with less than 270 total reported cases in scientific literature as of 2006,〔Scheid, R. et al. (2009) Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system – treatment with steroids? ''Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics'', 34, 603-605.〕 and affects people of a wide range of ages with men being approximately three times more frequently affected than women.〔Fearnly, J. M., Stevens, M.J., Rudge, P. (1995) Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. ''Brain'', 118, 1051-1066.〕 The number of reported cases of superficial siderosis has increased with advances in MRI technology, but it remains a rare disease.
==Cause==
The most commonly described underlying cause of superficial siderosis is chronic bleeding into the subarachnoid space of the brain, which releases erythrocytes, or blood cells, into the cerebrospinal fluid. The chronic bleeding can come from many sources such as from an arteriovenous malformation or cavernous malformation, myxopapillary ependymoma of the spinal cord, from chronic subdural hematoma, from a ventricular shunt, or from chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Chronic bleeding sources can also be a result of past brain surgery or CNS trauma, which may be the most common cause of superficial siderosis, with superficial siderosis showing up many years later.〔McCarron, M.O. et al. (2003) Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system many years after neurological procedures. ''Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry'', 74, 1326-1328.〕 In up to as many as half of all described cases the source of bleeding was never found.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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